What does the term "arrangements of raw numerical data" specifically refer to?

The term "arrangements of raw numerical data" specifically refers to how data points are structured or organized in a way that reflects their values and relationships. In this context, when discussing data organization by magnitude, it implies sorting the raw numerical data in ascending or descending order according to their values. This arrangement allows for easier interpretation, analysis, and comparison of the data, ensuring that patterns and trends can be readily identified.

Data organization by magnitude is foundational in various statistical analyses because it lays the groundwork for further exploratory techniques, such as frequency analysis or statistical inference. By arranging the data first, one can better visualize distributions, easily spot outliers, and prepare for more complex calculations that may follow.

In contrast, the other options focus on different aspects of data analysis. Frequency analysis entails counting the number of occurrences of each value within the dataset rather than simply arranging the data. Empirical testing refers to a process of using observed data to test hypotheses, which occurs after data has been organized. Statistical inference involves drawing conclusions about a population based on sample data, but this also presupposes that the data is in a usable format. Therefore, the correct answer clearly emphasizes the act of organizing the data itself.